Shelf
Library
Organs first, then the cited papers. A hub with no studies yet is still a chapter — the shelf is being filled.
Organs
- Bone / marrow
Bone, cartilage, and marrow papers — short peptides written for musculoskeletal and hematopoietic tissue.
- Brain / cognition
Cortical and cognitive papers — short peptides written for neural tissue, not a general nootropic aisle.
- General aging
Whole-organism aging, reviews, and papers that do not belong to a single organ chapter.
- Liver / metabolic
Hepatic and metabolic papers — short peptides written for liver, pancreas, and related metabolic tissue.
- Pineal / circadian
Papers on short peptides written for the pineal gland and circadian timing — the tissue that helps set the body’s clock.
- Reproductive
Gonadal and accessory-gland papers — short peptides written for reproductive tissue.
- Retina / vision
Retinal and visual papers — short peptides written for the retina and the visual pathway.
- Thymus / immune
Thymic and immune papers — short peptides written for the thymus and the cells it educates.
- Vascular / cardiac
Vessel wall, endothelium, and myocardium — short peptides written for circulatory tissue.
Studies
- The Antioxidant Tetrapeptide Epitalon Enhances Delayed Wound Healing in an in Vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy.
In high-glucose-injured ARPE-19 cells, Epitalon restored delayed wound closure and limited EMT and fibrosis markers — an in-vitro diabetic-retinopathy model, not a patient trial.
- Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes.
In induced cortical neurons transdifferentiated from elderly-donor fibroblasts, EDR, KED, and AEDG increased dendritic arborization; EDR also lowered oxidative DNA damage — culture work, not a patient trial.
- The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Docking, pathway analysis, and an LPS-stimulated PBMC assay in which Thymalin, KE (Vilon), and EW (Thymogen) lowered IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α — not clinical evidence that these peptides treat COVID-19.
- Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters.
Open-access in-silico docking of 26 ultrashort peptides, including KEDG, into LAT1, LAT2, and PEPT1 — computational transport feasibility only, not cellular uptake data and not a fertility study.
- Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype of Cardiovascular System Cells and Inflammaging: Perspectives of Peptide Regulation.
An open-access 2022 review of SASP and inflammaging in cardiovascular cells, naming KED and AEDR among peptides proposed to touch those pathways — a perspective piece, not a trial.
- Neuroepigenetic Mechanisms of Action of Ultrashort Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease
An open-access IJMS review hypothesizing that ultrashort peptides could act on Alzheimer-related gene expression via histones, DNA elements, and non-coding RNA — a mechanism essay, not a clinical trial.
- Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers.
An open-access IJMS review using molecular modeling to argue that POT and LAT carriers can move ultrashort di- and tripeptides into tissue cells — a transport hypothesis, not a clinical trial.
- Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line
In PMA-differentiated THP-1 monocytes, five Khavinson peptides increased kinase tyrosine phosphorylation and, after LPS, lowered TNF and IL-6; Chonluten also cut TNF from LPS-exposed monocytes, and peptide-treated cells adhered less to activated HUVECs.
- EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
A 2021 open-access review of how the tripeptide EDR has been proposed to touch AD-related gene-expression and protein-synthesis pathways — not a trial, and not evidence that EDR treats Alzheimer’s disease.
- Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review.
An open-access 2021 systematic review arguing that short peptides can regulate gene expression via DNA, histone, and methylation contacts — a literature synthesis, not a clinical trial.
- Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19
An open-label, single-center randomized hospital series (n=42 Thymalin + standard care vs n=50 standard care) reported a faster fall in IL-6, CRP, D-dimer, and some T-cell indices; it is not evidence that Thymalin treats COVID-19.
- Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides-Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
In 5xFAD mice, the authors report that KED and EDR lessened dendritic-spine loss; KED 400 µg/kg daily from 2 to 4 months of age only tended to raise a neuroplasticity readout, with docking offered as a mechanistic hypothesis.
- Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides.
In human embryonic bone-marrow MSCs aged by serial passage or by stationary culture, AED, KED, and KE at nanomolar concentrations modulated IGF1, FOXO1, TERT, TNKS2, and NFκB expression — culture work, not a therapy protocol.
- AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism.
In human gingival mesenchymal stem cells, AEDG (Epitalon) raised nestin, GAP43, β-tubulin III, and doublecortin mRNA and protein; histone docking is offered as a possible epigenetic mechanism, not a clinical result.
- Peptide Regulation of Cell Differentiation.
A 2020 catalog of short peptides proposed to direct stem-cell differentiation by sequence; KEDG is listed among immune-cell differentiators, not as a gonad peptide — a review hypothesis, not a trial.
- Short Peptides Protect Oral Stem Cells from Ageing
In late-passage human periodontal-ligament and gingival mesenchymal stem cells, AEDG and KED lowered p16 and p21 mRNA and immunofluorescence relative to untreated passage-25 controls.
- Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19
A 2020 open-access review of peptide candidates for COVID-19 research — not a clinical trial, and not evidence that these peptides treat the disease.
- Systematic search for structural motifs of peptide binding to double-stranded DNA.
An open-access 2019 NAR docking and MD survey of all 400 dipeptides against dsDNA tetranucleotides, with an EMSA check that KE (Vilon) and DR shift a labelled duplex — most dipeptides did not bind.
- Identification of Peptide AEDG in the Polypeptide Complex of the Pineal Gland
HPLC and mass spectrometry of a pineal polypeptide complex detected the tetrapeptide AEDG among its tetrapeptide fraction; the authors infer that AEDG accounts for much of the complex’s published biology.
- Nephroprotective Effect of EDL Peptide at Acute Injury of Kidneys of Different Genesis
In two rat models of acute kidney injury (gentamicin and ischemia/reperfusion), the authors report that EDL lessened oliguria, azotemia, proteinuria, and sodium wasting and supported antioxidant enzymes.
- Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression.
Docking models for 19 short peptides against DNA; some peptides share sites (KE and EDP to agat; KEDW and AED to acct; AEDL and EDL to ctcc) — computational complexes, not wet-lab proof of transcription control.
- Epigenetic mechanisms of peptidergic regulation of gene expression during aging of human cells.
In aging pancreatic and bronchial epithelial cultures, KEDW and AEDL tissue-specifically tracked promoter methylation and expression of selected transcription-factor genes — culture epigenetics, not a clinical study.
- Peptides regulate expression of signaling molecules in kidney cell cultures during in vitro aging.
In aging primary kidney cultures, a calf-kidney polypeptide complex and tripeptide AED (T-31) were reported to activate cell-renewal markers, while EDL (T-35) targeted gelatinase MMP-14.
- Short peptides stimulate serotonin expression in cells of brain cortex
In aging primary rat cortex cultures, Glu-Asp-Arg and Lys-Glu-Asp increased serotonin immunostaining; molecular docking is offered as a complementary TPH-promoter hypothesis, not a wet-lab binding assay.
- Peptide bioregulators: the new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results.
A 2013 Advances in Gerontology review of the authors’ clinical experience with thymic, pineal, prostate, cortex, and retinal peptide bioregulators as geroprotectors — a summary of prior studies, not a new trial.
- Interaction of short peptides with FITC-labeled wheat histones and their complexes with deoxyribooligonucleotides.
Fluorescence quenching suggested Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, Glu-Asp-Arg, Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, and Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp bind wheat histones H1, H2B, H3, and H4 in a histone- and sequence-dependent way — histone biochemistry, not a trial.
- Short cell-penetrating peptides: a model of interactions with gene promoter sites.
Molecular-mechanics modeling of Lys-Glu and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly against promoter motifs GCAG and ATTTC in CD5, IL-2, MMP2, and Tram1 — a three-dimensional docking model, not a cell binding assay.
- Epigenetic aspects of peptide regulation of aging.
A 2012 hypothesis that endogenous short peptides bind complementary DNA sequences, ease strand separation, and protect demethylated sites from endonucleases as the genome loses methylation with age — a model, not a trial.
- Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.
FITC-labeled AEDG, EDR, and KEDG entered HeLa cytoplasm, nuclei, and nucleoli, and fluorescence quenching suggested sequence- and methylation-sensitive DNA contacts — molecular work, not a fertility trial of Testagen (KEDG).
- Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people.
In 33 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, the authors report that pancragen lowered fasting and OGTT glucose, insulin, and an insulin-resistance index; 30 healthy elderly comparators had higher nocturnal melatonin — not an RCT in the PubMed record.
- Site-specific binding of short peptides with DNA modulated eukaryotic endonuclease activity.
Short peptides of 2–4 residues were reported to inhibit or stimulate wheat endonuclease hydrolysis of λ phage DNA depending on methylation status — peptide–DNA biochemistry, not a clinical study.
- Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes.
In cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells, Pinealon (EDR) restricted ROS accumulation and necrotic death in a dose-dependent way; higher concentrations also shifted ERK timing and the cell cycle.
- Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects.
A 2010 field-map review of peptide bioregulators in rodent lifespan, aging biomarkers, and tumorigenesis, plus a brief account of 6–12-year clinical use — not a new trial.
- Melting of DNA double strand after binding to geroprotective tetrapeptide.
Binding of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly to poly(dA-dT) duplex DNA lowered the reported melting temperature from 69.5 °C to 28 °C on a saturation isotherm — biophysical melting, not a cell or clinical study.
- Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people.
In old monkeys and elderly people, Epithalamin and Epitalon were reported to restore night-time melatonin and the circadian amplitude of the hormone — combined primate and human work, not a large blinded RCT.
- Molecular mechanism of interaction between oligopeptides and double-stranded DNA.
AEDG binding to poly(dA-dT) duplex DNA at neutral pH and ambient temperature produced a hyperchromic effect the authors read as local double-helix separation — biophysical chemistry, not a cell or clinical study.
- Geroprotective effect of epithalamine (pineal gland peptide preparation) in elderly subjects with accelerated aging.
A 12-year randomized clinical study of epithalamine in elderly patients with coronary disease and accelerated cardiovascular aging; the authors report lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality versus the same basic therapy alone.
- DNA double-helix binds regulatory peptides similarly to transcription factors
A complementarity model of Epitalon (AEDG) in the DNA major groove, proposing an ATTTC motif in the telomerase promoter — sequence analysis, not a wet-lab binding assay.
- Bioregulator Vilon-induced reactivation of chromatin in cultured lymphocytes from old people
In cultured lymphocytes from donors aged 76–81, Vilon 0.01 µg/ml was reported to decondense facultative heterochromatin and reactivate nucleolus-organizer ribosomal genes, without opening pericentromeric C-heterochromatin.
- Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice.
In 54 female SHR mice per arm, monthly Epitalon did not change mean lifespan or total tumor incidence; the authors report longer maximum lifespan, fewer chromosome aberrations, and less leukemia.
- Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells.
Short in-vitro communication: the authors report that Epithalon induced telomerase catalytic-subunit expression, enzymatic activity, and telomere elongation in telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblasts.
- Effect of regulatory peptides on gene transcription.
Conformational analysis of the tetrapeptide Epithalon proposed complementary nucleotide-pair sites in promoters of retinal gene F379, telomerase, and RNA polymerase II — sequence modeling, not a wet-lab transcription assay.
- Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.
A 6–8-year clinical assessment of Thymalin and Epithalamin in 266 elderly people; PubMed tags the paper as an RCT, but the English abstract does not describe randomization or blinding.
- Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa.
Combined Campbell-rat and human report on Epitalon in pigmentary retinal degeneration; the authors claim a positive clinical effect in 90% of treated patients — a 2002 communication, not a modern multicenter RCT.
- Effects of Livagen peptide on chromatin activation in lymphocytes from old people.
In cultured lymphocytes from elderly donors, Livagen was reported to activate ribosomal genes and decondense heterochromatin — a cytogenetic culture paper, not a clinical trial.
- Peptides and Ageing.
A 2002 Neuroendocrinology Letters monograph stating the peptide theory of ageing and surveying Epithalamin, Thymalin, and Epitalon across animals and cited clinical use — not a new trial.
- Tissue-specific effects of peptides.
In rat organotypic explants, Cortagen, Epithalon, Livagen, and Vilon stimulated growth of cortex, subcortical structures, liver, and thymus respectively — tissue-matched explant cultures, not a human trial.
- Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys
In aged female rhesus monkeys, ten days of Epitalon raised evening melatonin and the authors report a more normal cortisol circadian pattern; young animals showed little change.
- Effectiveness of bio-regulators in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
A 2001 comparative series (104 patients on Retinalamin, Epithalamin, and Cortexin vs 42 controls) reporting improved acuity, fundus picture, and retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy — not a modern masked RCT.
- Tissue-specific nucleoprotein complexes.
Native nucleoprotein complexes isolated from cattle cerebral cortex, thymus, and liver were fractionated chromatographically and reported as tissue-specific, not species-specific — isolation chemistry, not a trial.
- Role of cellular mediators (cytomedins) in regulating genetic activity.
A 1985 Russian-language paper by Morozov and Khavinson proposing that tissue peptide mediators (cytomedins) regulate genetic activity — founding conception of the lineage; PubMed records no English abstract text.